Heraldry & Coats of Arms: A Complete Guide to Symbols, History & Meaning

Heraldry & Coats of Arms

Heraldry is the ancient art and science of designing, displaying, and describing coats of arms. For hundreds of years, these unique visual emblems have identified individuals, families, cities, and institutions — especially European nobility.

From medieval battlefields to modern royal ceremonies, coats of arms remain powerful symbols of heritage, status, and identity.

The Origins of Heraldry

Heraldry emerged in Europe during the late 12th century. Knights in full armor wore helmets that completely covered their faces, making it impossible to recognize friend from foe on the battlefield or in tournaments.

To solve this, knights began painting bold, unique designs on their shields and surcoats (the cloth tunic worn over armor). These designs became known as "arms" — and the practice evolved into a formal system called heraldry.

By the 13th century, heraldry had become strictly regulated in many countries, with official heralds recording and granting coats of arms.

Parts of a Full Coat of Arms (Achievement)

A complete heraldic achievement usually includes these main elements:

• The Shield (Escutcheon): The central and most important part. This is where the main design appears.

• The Helm (Helmet): Sits above the shield. The style of helmet often indicates rank (e.g., open helmet for nobility).

• The Crest: A three-dimensional object placed on top of the helmet (e.g., a lion, eagle, or crown).

• Mantling: Decorative fabric flowing from the helmet, originally used to protect the wearer from the sun.

• Supporters: Figures (animals, humans, or mythical creatures) standing on either side of the shield.

• Motto: A short phrase or saying, usually in Latin, French, or the local language.

• Compartment: The ground or platform the supporters stand on (often included for higher ranks).

Tinctures: Colors and Metals

Heraldry uses a specific vocabulary:

Metals:

• Or = Gold (Yellow)

• Argent = Silver (White)

Colors:

• Gules = Red

• Azure = Blue

• Vert = Green

• Sable = Black

• Purpure = Purple

Key Rule: Never place a color on another color or a metal on another metal. This ensures high contrast so the design is visible from a distance.

Common Symbols and Their Meanings

Symbol Meaning

Lion Courage, strength, nobility

Eagle Power, vision, authority

Cross Christian faith

Crown Royal or sovereign power

Oak Tree Strength and endurance

Unicorn Purity and virtue

Dragon Protection and fierceness

Fleur-de-lis Purity and French royal connection

Animals are often shown in specific poses (e.g., rampant = standing on hind legs).

Heraldry by Country

• United Kingdom: Highly regulated by the College of Arms. Very traditional.

• France: Rich history but largely abolished after the Revolution; still used by old families.

• Germany & Holy Roman Empire: More complex with many variations and "augmentations."

• Russia: Developed its own system influenced by Byzantine and Western traditions.

• Scotland: One of the strictest systems in the world, controlled by the Lord Lyon.

Modern Heraldry

Today, coats of arms are still granted to individuals, companies, cities, and organizations. Many people research their ancestral arms or apply for a new grant of arms.

Writers, gamers, and fantasy enthusiasts also create custom heraldry for their stories and worlds.

Want Your Own Coat of Arms?

While you cannot simply invent one and claim ancient rights, you can:

• Research if your family already has one

• Petition official heraldic authorities (in UK, Canada, etc.)

• Design a personal emblem for non-official use (art, books, family reunions)